Page Four

THE PEOPLE’S A

DVOCATE

Little Fort - - Town Of Hunger, Sickne

£4§_B.S.”’ discusses so

Making Plants Grows

ments in plant vernalization as developed by
Soviet and US scientists.

me interesting develop-

INV epee of the prominent scientists of the Soviet Union are
over 40 years. So they were at least partly educated
under tsarism, and many had also studied abroad.

: The younger men and women, who hardly remember tsar-
ism, and take socialism for granted, have seldom done enough
to achieve international reputation.

But Lysenko is an exception.

He is the son of a peasant

and only 39 years old; and so far as I know, his first work was

pupushead in 1928, in the Caucasian
Republic of Azerbaijan.

He has played a great part in
the improvement of Soviet agri-
culture, and although some biolo-
gists doubt his theories, there is
no question that his practical me-
thods work. One of the main lines
of crop improvement in the USSR
has been the selection of the best
Traces of plants, and the production
of new ones by crossing. Here Va-
vilov did great things for his coun-
try.

e
Bvt iysenko has studied not so
much the plant of its environ-
ment, but their relation.

Here is the problem. Everyone
knows that seeds do not always
germinate the moment that they
are sown. For of course wild
plants generally sow their seeds in
autumn, while they come up in

Spring.
Again, annual plants Hower in
their first year of growth, while

others want much longer. Thus if
you try te grow a tulip from seed,
instead of from a bulb, you will
have to wait for at least seven
years.

Sometimes we want a plant to
flower in its first year. But, for ex-
ample, maize often fails to do so
in England, and is killed by frost
before it is any use. Sometimes we
do not want it to flower.

For example, mangolds, which
Hliower in their first year, use up
the material stored in their roots
to make flowers and seed. This is
called bolting, and if you look at a
field of mangolds in early autumn

you will generally see a few bol-.

ters.
e
OW Lysenko distinguishes
sharply between development

and growth.

The seedling does not grow dur-
ing the winter. It looks no differ-
ent in March from what it did in
October.

But it has undergone an internal
development which enables it to
fiower at the proper time. Simi-
lariy, all mangold and maize plants
erow, but only some undergo the
internal development which iS
needed to make them flower.

A very great deal of work has
been done on the conditions for
plant srowth. But Lysenko was the
pioneer in working out the condi-
tions for developments in seeds,
while Garner and Allard in Amer-
ica did the same for the later
stages in development.

Their work has been extended
by Lysenko and other Soviet biolo-—
gists such as Razumov and Liubi-
menko.

e

YSENEO’S main practical prob-
lem was this:

The summer is often so hot and
dry in the Ukraine that the wheat
plants may be damaged or killed
unless they form their ears before
the end of June. So rapid develop-
ment is essential.

In England all kinds of wheat
can be grown safely in the aut-
umn, and the seedlings are not
damaged by the winter frosts.

But this is not so in Canada
and Russia, where the winters are
very cold. The hardy, put gener-
ally slow-growing forms which can
be sown in autumn are called win-
ter wheats. The more delicate
forms, which must be sown in
spring, in some places as late as
May, are. called spring wheat.

Tf a winter wheat is sown in
spring it may not produce ears at
all, or may do so very late in the
season. Therefore, Many kinds of
wheat which are useful in other
countries are no good in the
Ukraine.

e
YSHNKO set out to treat the
L wheat seeds, before sowing, so
they could be sown in April, and
yet get off the mark with a flying

eee So to speak, and flower in
June.

The method, which is called Yar-
avizatzia or vernalization (from
Latin “ver’—spring), differs for
different wheats, but is as follows
for some varieties.

The wheat is watered and kept
at about 50 degrees F for 24 hours
until a few seeds begin to sprout.
Then it is spread out about six
inches deep on the granary floor,
and the door and windows opened
at night till the temperature falls
to about one degree above freezing
point. The granary is shut in the
daytime to keep it cool, and the
seed stirred every day for a fort-
night to a month, when it is ready
for sowing.

AS an example, one kind of
wheat from Azerbaijan, if sown in
the ordinary way, formed ears so
late when sown at Odessa that it
only gave eight percent of the
yield of a local wheat. When ver-
nalized it ripened three weeks ear-
lier, and gave a yield of 41 per
cent above the local variety.

this technique,

e
O*F COURSE,

which requires a thermometer,
good ventilation, and careful weigh-
ing and measuring is beyond the
resources of an individual peasant,
but quite easy on a big collective
farm.

By 19387 fully 22 million acres
were sown with vernalized crops.
Hor the method does not apply to
wheat alone. Maize must be kept
about 70 degrees B before sowing.
In the case of potatoes, the aim is
not, of course, to encourage seed
formation, but that of tubers and
the treatment is quite different.

Potatoes are not kept in the
dark, but are threaded on string
and hung in the greenhouse at 60-
70 degrees F, exposed to sunlight.
The idea of continuous lghting
was from Garner and Allard by
Lysenko and Dolgushin showed
that it could be applied to the seed
potatoes in an economical way.

°

E ARE only at the beginning
of an understanding of the
change which occurs in seeds and
potatoes during vernalization.
These are being studied by bio-
chemists in the Soviet Union. When
they are worked out, still greater

improvements will be possible.

Lysenko is also tackling prob-
lems in plant breeding. Here he
is engaged in a lively controversy
with some of the older workers.

This has not been very fully
reported in English, but I hope
that he may be able to attend the
Interational Genetical College at
Edinburgh next August to describe
his work.

Luysenko is mot only an academi-
cian, but a deputy in the Supreme
Soviet.

He believes in a flying start for
boys and girls as well as wheat
and potatoes.

“In our Soviet Union,” he said,
“neople are not born. Organisms
are born, but people are made here
—tractor-drivers, motor mechanics,
academicians, scientists.

“T am one of these men who
were made, not born. And one
feels more than happy to be in
such an environment.”

VICTORIA, BC, March 30—Five
delegates to represent the Victoria
Youth Council at the Provincial
Youth Congress in Vancouver
Faster weekend were elected at
delegation will comprise Miss Lil-
lian Cooper, Wilson Money, Bill
Carson, Bill McDowell and Mun
Hope. Other organizations in the
city are also expected to send re-
presentatives.

Several changes in the Council
were made at the meeting. Ron
Fairclough of the Twentieth Cen-
tury Young Liberals was elected
vice-president and three standing
committees on peace, education
and employment were established.

ss, Starvatio
Relief Administrator Turns Down -
Desperate Pleas For Assistance

sei abi Sea

ai

aware

>
The Next Meal?

Sir,—L should like
know what could be done in
case. IT am on relief, living on

Dear to

my

the farm. Now Mr. Andrews, the
relief officer, wants me to go to
camp for to work out my relief.
T am willing to work out my re-
lief here in the district because
I can not leave the place. I have
to tend to the cattle.

The income of the farm is not
more than is coming to Mr. John
Jakel, he is guaranteed $15 a
month for his living. if IT am
forced to go to camp, it means
for me to leave the farm and
Mr and Mrs. Jakel will go on
relief.

ZI intend to be independent in
the fail if IT could be helped out
for the summer. Right now I
don’t Know where my next meal
is coming from. I should like to
put in my crop so I could make
a living but I don’t know how I
could manage that when they
want to take me to camp. If
that should happen I could give
you a full statement of the in-
come and how things are stand-
Ee p=e TEE. 25%.

Relief Checks Refused

Dear Sir:

They will not send out the
March checks for relief till they
are worked for and I haven't
sufficient clothing to go to camp
to work, or bedding, rubbers,
soeks and underwear especially-

The wife has been sick most all
winter and there still are days
when she has to stay in bed. f
wrote to Mr. Andrews, the relief
ofiicer at Kamioops, and ex-
plained the circumstances and
told him if he did not believe me
to investigate and fetch a coctor,
but so far have received no reply.

Qne of our daughters has a
weak stomach and is subject to
convulsions, and has to have light
food. Qur water and wood is
quite a problem. The water has
to be packed quite a distance.

If I were to go to camp it would
take me 31% days to work out my
relief and the wife is in no con-
dition to be left alone at present.
We have just enough blankets for
the home and sometimes we are
cold at that

All the food we have to live
on is potatoes, salt, tea and a
little flour. Our milk is cut off
because we haven’t the money
to pay for it and the children
sure need milk, also cereals and
laxatives which we havyen’t any
money to buy it with.

The wife needs medical atten-
tion and clothing to go to town
to see the doctors but we cannot
get it. I should like to have your
help if possible immediately be-
cause we are out of groceries and
money.

I phoned the police at Blue
River in February about our con-
dition and received no reply. The
wife wrote the police a few days
ago and received no reply either.

—L. C.

No School Clothing

Dear Sir,—I am writing you in
regard to my family and myself
which is on relief. I moved up
here one year ago last fall from
Vancouver. I was on relief there
and I had to move to a higher
climate on account of my wite’s
health. I have three letters from

three different doctors in Van-
eouver to that effect. I am 1o-
cated 60 miles up the Worth

Thompson River from Kamloops.

My eldest children are going:
to school, but I am going to
have to take them out on ac
count of not having enough
clothes and enough food for them
to go to school.

I am supposed to go to the

ease of childbirth.

Acting apparently on the theory that pleas for aid can be
safely ignored in cases where the applicant is unable to make
a personal appearance at the relief offices, Administrator An-

drews has remained safely at

situation at Little Fort continues te grow more desperate. _

The families in question were finally forced to go over
Andrews’ head and appeal direct to Victoria for recognition.
The letters are now on their way to Minister of Labor George S.

Pearson.

These cries for help speak for themselves and need no com-
ment They are printed here as an example of what can happen

under a system of relief which

problems of individual families and allows petty bureaucrats
to hold the power of life and death in their hands

DISTRICT in BC where actual hunger and privation face a whole group of families and where a relief administrator whos

zeal in upholding relief regulations has created a situation serious enough to merit a government investigation was broug!

to the attention of the Advocate this week. :
The place is Little Fort, near Kamloops, the relief official is J. E. Andrews, whose method of dealing with relief recipients >
this isolated farming community has been given publicity before.

The story of Little Fort is fully covered in a series of letters now on their way to Hon. George S. Pearson in Victoria ar |

written by family heads to a sympathetic organization in Van-
couver. The letters tell of actual hunger conditions, of pleas
for assistance ignored, of medical services refused even in the

home in Kamloops while the

does not take into account the

Child Born in Bus

Dear Sir,—t am writing you of
the trouble we are having with
the Relief Department in this
district. I was working out my
relief last fall and when the
snow got too deep the public
works closed the camp, which
made no work available.

When camp was opened this
spring ,they wanted me to work
all back time before I could get
any relief. This would take about
three months. I don’t Know what
we are expected to live on in the
meantime. I have a wife and four
children, the oldest is three years.

The public works camp is 26
miles from here (Little Fort) and
my wife, who is not well enough
to take care of the children alone,
asked them to let me work out
my time near home, so I could
help her with some of the work
evenings, but they refused.

Men were brought from Kam-
loops, which is 65 miles from
here, to do work which we should

2

Louis Creek Camp to do my re-
lief work but it is impossible for
me to go on account of no work
clothes and my rubber shoes are
all worn out.

We haven’t enough bedding to
spare for me to take any to camp-
J am sick now and my wite wrote
to Mr. Andrew's, the relief of
ficer at Kamloops, to get trans-
portation to Kamloops to see a
doctor and he refused to answer
her letter. It was written on the
13th of this month and No an-
swer to date.

Louis Creek Camp is 26 miles
from here. They will not send
this month’s relief check to us
because E haven’t worked for
it. I cannot work for it until I
get some clothes, but they (MEz.
Andrews) said if we don’t go
to work where the Department
of Public Works tells us to, we
will be cut off relief.

When I do my relief work at
home TI do it in 10 days, but when
I go to camp I have to work 15
days a month, That gives me no
time to put in a garden or cry
to get other work.

Our checks are supposed to be
here on the 15th of this month.
My wife wrote to the relief of-
ficer and asked him to come up
and investigate our case but he
refuses to answer her letter. She
even wrote to the provincial po-
lice at Blue River and asked
them to come and investigate
but they refused to come or an-
swer her letter. So what are we
going to do?

They want us to work all the
lost when the
camp was closed down this win-
ter, which means fT will have to
work a little over two months
before I can get this month’s
check. Do you think we Can live
that long without eating? They
allow $1 per month for clothing,
which means $12 a year for the
whole family~

Tf something isn’t done im-
mediately they are going to put
me in jail because my family is
going to eat Js 15 NE

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have been doing near home.

I took my wife inte Ham-
loops on December 28 to see a
doctor and he said she would

j

nip bat Ne sa RRA ea eat NaH

il

ers

Fi ht
in mee
sy

#6 Regulations’ ”.

Dear Sir:

In reply to your letter oi
March 8, relief regulations are
such that work has to be per
formed for all relief given; and’
it will be necessary for you te"
have your slip signed by the
foreman as having completed
your work before we are ak
lowed to issue a cheque.

During the winter months
when no work was available
the Public Works Department —
advised us, and our regulations —
then allowed us to mail your
cheques; but we have now been
instructed that back work has -
to be done as well as the cur
rent month’s work before any
further cheques will be issued”

I know that it may be diffi- ~
eult for you to get away owing
to the arrangement you have
with Mr. Jakel, but if it is ne

4
;

Z
crt ees

‘

give birth to a child on Janu-
ary 16. But she teck sick Janu-
ary 6. I phoned for a doctor
and he told me to bring her
into Kamloops to hospital,
which is 65 miles. I started with
her and the child was born on
the bus: 20 miles from home. f
took her into a private house
and phoned for a doctor three
different times and he refused

to come. I also phoned Mr. J. E.
Andrews, relief officer, to send
a doctor out and he also re-
fused to do anything.

My wife has not been well
since the birth of the child. fT also
am not well, since I have tuber-
culosis and cannot do any work,
but they will not listen to that
and have refused to give my
family and myself any assistance.
They want me to work my back

cessary for you to put your full
time im on the farm, some ar
rangement shouid be made for
you to receive at least your
board for yourself and wife, so
that relief would not be neces |
sary. J. EK. ANDREWS,
Relief Officer.

Se please advise me what
eould do to get relief or if po
sible come and investigate, 44
we are out of food. I wrote an
stated same to J. E. Andrey
three times but he has failed %
acknowledge any of the ietters

have lived in BC 14 years. i woui
like to know if people could j
any way help me. I also notifir
the BC police in Blue. River an
they have also refused to coni

SRUPSTER Tey

TI am a Canadian citizen an“)

|

time first. and investigate. J.D.
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